CAIRO: It was a simple question that I know I posed correctly in Arabic.
“What time does the movie ‘Stolen Kisses’ begin? I asked the guy at the ticket booth in my best Egyptian dialect.
“At 7 o’clock, he responded in heavily accented and barely understandable English, as if I hadn’t just spoken to him in Arabic.
“How much are the tickets? I said in dialect, refusing to speak to him in English.
“Twenty Egyptian pounds, he answered, again in English.
I had come to Cairo for a month to do an intensive Arabic course after studying the language three years at UCLA, and had become accustomed to such linguistic battles. With a small group of men hovering to watch this ridiculous conversation unfold, it was time to employ a surprise maneuver that would be my best chance for linguistic triumph.
I shook my head in disbelief, and then, switching to Modern Standard Arabic, and speaking louder, asked the man in a sarcastic tone: “Do you even speak Arabic?
The question produced laughter from him and the audience, but it had the desired effect: By asking in the written and more formal Arabic that only educated Arabs are truly versed in, I had changed the equation. Instead of trying to show me he spoke English, he was now on the hook to show me he had a good level in standard Arabic – in essence, that he had a certain level of education.
“Yes, of course, he said in Arabic, the standard variety, no less. “You are funny.
I told him that since we were in Egypt I figured we might as well speak Arabic. We both had a laugh, and after a few more exchanges we shook hands. I told him I would come back later to see the movie.
When it comes to culture, history and even Arabic, Egypt is arguably the center of the Arab world. Egypt strikes a middle ground, both philosophical and geographical, between the more liberal Arabic-speaking countries like Morocco to the west and conservative Gulf nations like Saudi Arabia to the east. And as Egyptians will proudly tell you, their dialect is the most widely understood worldwide thanks to Egyptian movies and music that for decades have been beamed into Arab households across the Middle East.
Despite all that, trying to learn Arabic in an Arabic-speaking country can be difficult. For one thing, Egyptians jump on any chance they get to practice English, even if they only know a few words. And spoken Arabic dialects are hard to master no matter which country you try to learn them in, because they’re often so wildly different from standard Arabic that they seem like a different language.
Most universities in the United States and other English-speaking countries only teach standard Arabic, and not the dialects of particular countries. Standard Arabic is the written language of schools, diplomacy, banking and news. It’s not, however, a language that anyone outside of those circles speaks on a daily basis.
So does it make sense to learn it? Wouldn’t it just be better to study a dialect? These are questions that perplex every student of Arabic. My short answer is that if you just learn a dialect (likely on your own, because few places teach them), you may be limited to that one country. Also, dialects are not widely written. You might be able to read a street sign, but not a newspaper or magazine if you don’t know formal Arabic.
The reality is that the Arab world has a standard written language and then several spoken dialects (so as not to offend Arabic purists, I should also mention Classical Arabic, the language of the Quran and Arabic’s highest written form).
When I arrived in Cairo and got in a taxi, I thought I was in the wrong country. Because I had had very little training in Egyptian dialect before arrival, I spoke to the driver in standard Arabic. He understood me – most Egyptians comprehend it but can’t converse in it – but I had no clue what he said in reply.
Eleven terms of high-level Arabic at UCLA, including advanced courses with poetry, Quranic verses and full compositions, and I couldn’t even shoot the breeze with this guy.
Within a few weeks, I was more comfortable with the dialect, in large part thanks to an intensive course at the International Language Institute that focused on helping advanced students morph their standard Arabic into something they can use on the street.
One of my favorite experiences in Cairo happened at a kiosk. Buying a newspaper in Arabic, I struck up a conversation with the guy working at the kiosk, Ahmed. An avid reader, Ahmed had a very good level of standard Arabic and was proud to use it. A few minutes later, his friend Mohamed arrived.
Mohamed saw my newspaper and told me he couldn’t read or write since he had never gone to school. Curious about the United States, as many Egyptians are, Mohamed had question after question. But I struggled to understand a lot of what he said because he of course spoke in dialect.
So Ahmed jumped in, translating for me Mohamed’s questions into standard Arabic. I would then respond in standard Arabic, and if Mohamed didn’t understand, Ahmed would then translate what I said back to dialect. The fascinating 45-minute conversation hit home for me just how complex Arabic can be, even for native speakers.
The second challenge in Egypt is communicating in English. As in many foreign countries, there are a handful in Egypt who speak it amazingly well, while the vast majority have a level somewhere between zilch to intermediate.
The difference is that so many Egyptians seem to believe they need to use what they know with foreigners. Of course, so few foreigners speak Arabic that Egyptians assume it’s better to use English – and getting them to change that assumption can be tough.
“Speak to me in English, the guy at the train station in Alexandria told me when I asked for a ticket in Arabic.
I did just that, responding in unfiltered and normal-speed English just to test this guy’s chops (after all, he had questioned my manhood, in linguistic terms).
The result? He stared at me blankly, and we were reduced to gestures and grunts.
This passion for English may have several roots. Egypt is a former British colony. English-language movies, TV and culture are ubiquitous. Plus, English is the worldwide language of business, and Egyptians are some of the toughest negotiators you’ll ever meet.
On the street, it comes down to this: An Egyptian man who knows 10 words of English will often, literally, use them over and over in conversation, even if you both are speaking in Arabic and it’s clear you understand. For example, while speaking Arabic, when he comes to a place where the word “good could be used, and he knows that word in English, he’ll insert it.
That can be disorienting. When you don’t understand something, it’s hard to know if he used a few words in English that you didn’t recognize because of poor pronunciation, or if you simply just didn’t understand the Arabic.
Attempting to avoid English, by week two I was telling taxi drivers and others I came across that I was Spanish or French, and that I didn’t speak English. That neutralized English somewhat, but pretending that I didn’t understand my native language felt strange.
Of course, studying Arabic in Egypt will help students develop a much better grasp of the language than anything they could do in the United States.
Egyptians may be enamored of English and have a hard-to-master dialect, but Arabic is the national language and it’s alive and well. Add to that fun and very social people – not long after meeting someone, you often find yourself at a cafe sipping tea and smoking flavored tobacco out of a hookah pipe – and you’ve got a formula for what any stint abroad should be: an adventure..
Important tip
Egypt’s many language institutes range in quality and price, from hole-in-the-wall centers to the prestigious American University in Cairo. Beyond budget, an important consideration is whether to focus on Modern Standard Arabic or Egyptian dialect. Not all places offer both; some specialize in one. Weed out lower quality institutes by talking to students and asking for, and reviewing, syllabi. Also c
onsider finding accommodation close to the institute. (Heavy traffic in Cairo makes commuting difficult.) Home stays are rare in Egypt; foreign students tend to live in dorms or rent apartments. If an institute sets up accommodation for you, it costs more. Students on a budget spend their first few days in a cheap hotel looking for an apartment, which can usually be rented on a monthly basis.
