By James M. Dorsey
Iraqi football pitches have emerged as an alternative battleground in the struggle for control of Iraq between the Islamic State, the jihadist group that controls chunks of northern Iraq, and embattled Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki.
Iraqi officials said the broadcasting last Sunday in Baghdad’s Al-Shaab International Stadium of the World Cup final between Germany and Argentina was intended as a show of defiance against the Islamic State, formerly known as the Islamic State in Syria and the Levant (ISIL), which has banned football in territory it controls and reportedly ordered the closure of sports facilities and forbidden the wearing of shirts with images imprinted on them, including football jerseys.
In addition, Iraqi Football Association (IFA) officials announced that they would be organising football matches across areas of Iraq under government control in protest against the Islamic State’s targeting of players and fans. They said they would focus on areas that have been attacked by the Islamic State including:
- Diyala province where 5 people were killed and 17 wounded by a bomb planted under the seats of a stadium in Ballour as boys aged 10 to 17 were playing;
- Al Nahrawan where 9 people were killed and 21 wounded in a bomb explosion during a football match;
- Al Madaen where a bomb in a stadium killed one and wounded six others, including an Iraqi member of parliament;
- Al Zafaaraniya where a bomb killed 4 people, including 3 players, and wounded 11 others;
- Al Qalaa where a bomb in a stadium killed 1 and wounded 11;
- Kirkuk where two players were killed and four others wounded;
- Al Qaim where police foiled a stadium bombing by discovering a vehicle rigged with explosives.
The Islamic State further signalled its dim view of football in a purported letter to world football governance body FIFA demanding that the group deprive Qatar of the right to host the 2022 World Cup.
The Islamic State has positioned itself with the spate of attacks and its letter to FIFA squarely in the camp of those jihadists and Salafists, puritan Muslims who want to emulate life at the time of the Prophet Mohammed and his immediate successors, who oppose football as an infidel creation intended to distract the faithful from their religious obligations.
Attacks by Boko Haram in Nigeria and Al Shabab in Somalia and Kenya spiked during the World Cup with both groups targeting venues where fans gathered to watch matches on huge television screens.
The anti-football jihadists are strengthened in their resolve by fatwas or religious opinions issued by one segment of the Salafist clergy opposed to any form of entertainment which they view as a threat to performance of religious duties. The views of those clergymen are opposed by other Salafist imams who argue that the Quran encourages sports as long as it is in line with Islamic precepts.
They are also opposed by those militant Islamists who recognise the recruitment and bonding advantages of football and unlike groups like the Islamic State, Boko Haram and Al Shabab attribute some importance to garnering public support rather than seeking to impose puritan Islamic rule by sheer force.
“In Nigeria, football is a religion. It is one of the few things that brings the country together across ethnic and religious lines… Football is often an escape from the ugliness of everyday life, and that is even more true in a region under a cloud of insecurity for the last few years… [Terrorism] forces a change in lifestyles. Public gatherings in North Eastern Nigeria, even to celebrate a festival of football…are likely to attract a high price. You cannot watch a game without looking around nervously from time to time,” said Nigerian journalist Joachim MacEbong.
Mr MacEbong could have said the same of Iraq or East African nations where football fans are targets.
The Islamic State, despite its anti-football campaign has not shied away from using football in recruitment and propaganda videos.
And there are signs that opinion about football is divided even within its own ranks as well as within the larger community of those who empathise with the views of the likes of the Islamic State, Boko Haram and Al Shabab.
The mosque in Mosul, the major Iraqi city occupied by the Islamic State, where self-declared caliph Ibrahim Bin Awad Alqarshi aka Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, who as a student was known as a talented football player, made a rare public appearance earlier this month was packed with men, many of whom were sporting football jerseys.
Similarly, an online review by Vocativ of jihadist and militant Islamist Facebook pages showed that many continue to be football fans. They rooted for Algeria during the World Cup but switched their allegiance to Brazil, Italy, England and France once the Algerians had been knocked out of the tournament despite their condemnation of the Europeans as enemies of Islam.
“Jihadis are in some ways like any other fans – they support the local favourites,” wrote Versha Sharama, who conducted the review.
James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies as Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, co-director of the Institute of Fan Culture of the University of Würzburg and the author of the blog, The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer, and a forthcoming book with the same title.
