An exploding white dwarf star was blasted out of its orbit in a ‘partial supernova’ and is now hurtling across our galaxy, according to a new University of Warwick study. The blast was also found to have affected the white dwarf star’s companion star.
It opens up the possibility that there are many more survivors of supernovae travelling undiscovered across the Milky Way, alongside other, previously unseen types of supernovae occurring in other galaxies.
Recent research published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society analysed a white dwarf that was previously found to have an unusual atmospheric composition.
The research, funded by the Leverhulme Trust and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), reveals that the white dwarf was most likely a binary star that survived its supernova explosion. As a result of the explosion, it, and its companion star, were sent flying through the Milky Way in opposite directions.
White dwarfs are the remanant cores of red giants which have died and shed their outer layers, cooling over the course of billions of years. The majority of white dwarfs have atmospheres composed almost entirely of hydrogen or helium, with occasional evidence of carbon or oxygen dredged up from the star’s core.
The white dwarf star, discovered in 2015 and designated SDSS J1240+6710, seemed to contain neither hydrogen nor helium. Instead, it was found to be composed of an unusual mix of oxygen, neon, magnesium and silicon.
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, the scientists also identified carbon, sodium, and aluminium in the star’s atmosphere. Put together, it was found that these produced the first thermonuclear reaction found in a supernova.
However, there is a clear absence of what is known as the “iron group” of elements, iron, nickel, chromium and manganese. These heavier elements are normally cooked up from lighter elements, and make up the defining features of thermonuclear supernovae. The lack of iron group elements in SDSSJ1240+6710 suggests the star only went through a partial supernova before the nuclear burning died out.
The scientists were able to measure the white dwarf’s velocity, and found that it is travelling at 900,000km/hour. It also has a particularly low mass for a white dwarf, at only 40% the mass of the sun, which would be consistent with the loss of mass of a partial supernova.
“This star is unique because it has all the key features of a white dwarf but it has this very high velocity and unusual abundances that make no sense when combined with its low mass,” according to Professor Boris Gaensicke, of the Department of Physics at the University of Warwick, and the study’s lead author.
“It has a chemical composition which is the fingerprint of nuclear burning, a low mass and a very high velocity, and all of these facts imply that it must have come from some kind of close binary system and it must have undergone thermonuclear ignition,” Gaensicke said, “It would have been a type of supernova, but of a kind that that we haven’t seen before.”
The scientists behind the study suggest that the supernova disrupted the white dwarf’s orbit with its partner star when it very abruptly ejected a large proportion of its mass. Both stars would have been carried off in opposite directions at their orbital velocities in type of slingshot manoeuvre, accounting for the star’s high velocity.
Gaensicke added, “If it was a tight binary and it underwent thermonuclear ignition, ejecting quite a lot of its mass, you have the conditions to produce a low mass white dwarf and have it fly away with its orbital velocity.”
The best studied thermonuclear supernovae are the “Type Ia”, which led to the discovery of dark energy, and are now routinely used to map the structure of the universe. But there is growing evidence that thermonuclear supernovae can happen under very different conditions.
SDSSJ1240+6710 may be the survivor of a type of supernova that has not yet been “caught in the act”. Without the radioactive nickel that powers the long-lasting afterglow of the Type Ia supernovae, the explosion that sent SDSS1240+6710 hurtling across our Galaxy would have been a brief flash of light that would have been difficult to discover.
“The study of thermonuclear supernovae is a huge field and there’s a vast amount of observational effort into finding supernovae in other galaxies,” Gaensicke added, “The difficulty is that you see the star when it explodes, but it’s very difficult to know the properties of the star before it exploded.”
He also said, “We are now discovering that there are different types of white dwarf that survive supernovae under different conditions and using the compositions, masses and velocities that they have, we can figure out what type of supernova they have undergone. There is clearly a whole zoo out there. Studying the survivors of supernovae in our Milky Way will help us to understand the myriads of supernovae that we see going off in other galaxies.”
Professor S.O. Kepler of Brazil’s Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and who originally discovered the star, said, “The fact that such a low mass white dwarf went through carbon burning is a testimony of the effects of interacting binary evolution and its effect on the chemical evolution of the Universe.”
Dr Roberto Raddi from Spain’s Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, and who carried out the kinematic analysis, said, “Once again, the synergy between very precise Gaia astrometry and spectroscopic analysis have helped to constrain the striking properties of a unique white dwarf, which probably formed in a thermonuclear supernova and was ejected at high velocity as consequence of the explosion.”
