Researchers studying tissue removed from patients’ noses during surgery believe they may have discovered the reason why so many people with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) lose their sense of smell, even when they have no other symptoms.
In their experiments, researchers found extremely high levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-2) only in the area of the nose responsible for smell. This enzyme is thought to be the “entry point” that allows the coronavirus entry into body cells to cause infection.
The researchers say their findings, published recently in the European Respiratory Journal, offer clues as to why the coronavirus is so infectious. They suggest that targeting this part of the body could potentially offer more effective treatments.
The study was conducted by Professor Andrew Lane, Director of the Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery division at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore; research associated Dr Mengfei Chen; and other colleagues.
Professor Lane said, “I specialise in nasal and sinus problems, so the loss of the sense of smell in COVID-19 is of particular clinical interest to me. While other respiratory viruses generally cause loss of the sense of smell through obstruction of airflow due to swelling of the nasal passages, this virus sometimes causes loss of smell in the absence of other nasal symptoms.”
The team used tissue samples from the back of the nose of 23 patients, removed during endoscopic surgical procedures for conditions such as tumours or chronic rhinosinusitis, an inflammatory disease of the nose and sinus. They also studied biopsies from the trachea (windpipe) of seven patients. None of the patients had been diagnosed with the coronavirus.
In the lab, the researchers used fluorescent dyes on the tissue samples to detect and visualise the presence of ACE2 under a microscope. They compared levels of ACE2 in different cell types, and parts of the nose and upper airway.
They found by far the most ACE2 on the lining cells of the olfactory epithelium, the area at the back of the nose where the body detects smells. The levels of ACE2 in these cells were between 200 and 700 times higher than other tissue in the nose and trachea.
They also found similarly high levels in all samples of olfactory epithelium, regardless of whether the patient had been treated for chronic rhinosinusitis or another condition. ACE2 was not detected on olfactory neurons, the nerve cells that pass information about smells to the brain.
“This technique allowed us to see that the levels of ACE2 – the COVID-19 ‘entry point’ protein – were highest in the part of the nose that enables us to smell,” Dr Chen said, “These results suggest that this area of the nose could be where the coronavirus is gaining entry to the body.”
He said, “The olfactory epithelium is quite an easy part of the body for a virus to reach. It’s not buried away deep in our body, and the very high levels of ACE2 that we found there might explain why it’s so easy to catch COVID-19.”
Lane added, “We are now doing more experiments in the lab to see whether the virus is indeed using these cells to access and infect the body. If that’s the case, we may be able to tackle the infection with antiviral therapies delivered directly through the nose.”
Moreover, Tobias Welte, Professor of Pulmonary Medicine and Director of the Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases at Germany’s Hannover University School of Medicine said, “We know that many common respiratory infections, such as coughs and colds, can make us temporarily lose our sense of smell alongside a blocked nose or a sore throat. Previous research has shown that COVID-19 is unusual in that being unable to smell can be the only symptom. This is a clever study that examines why that might be the case.”
“It suggests that the part of our nose responsible for smelling could also be the place where the coronavirus gains a foothold in the body. This finding will need to be confirmed, but it offers possible new avenues for treating the infection,” he concluded.
