Invasions by alien insect and animal species have much in common with outbreaks of infectious diseases and could tell us a great deal about how pandemics such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) spread.
In a newly published research paper, biological invasions where animals, insects, plants, and microorganisms, are transported around the globe by humans, are becoming more common and have a global annual cost of at least £118bn.
An investigation by an international team of scientists, including the School of Biology at the University of Leeds, says the emergence of human diseases share many of the same challenges as species invasions; so studying them together could provide solutions.
Alison Dunn, co-author of the report and a Professor of Ecology in the School of Biology, said, “Integrated approaches that take into account the health of humans and that of animals, plants and the environment are urgently needed to prevent future pandemics and the spread of invasive species across the globe.”
She added, “Cross-fertilisation between the two disciplines could improve prediction, prevention, treatment, and mitigation of invasive species and infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics such as COVID-19.”
The paper, published on Tuesday in the journal BioScience, says the prevention of species invasion requires analysis of how it will arrive into a new region, as primary spread, and how it spreads to the surrounding region, as secondary spread.
But this dual pathway classification has seldom been used to look at emerging infectious organisms in humans. This is despite it being well known that factors such as behaviour, income, tourism, and trade can influence transmission.
Invasive insects are the most frequent transmitters of organisms causing human diseases. The tiger mosquito has spread to all inhabited continents through trade, and has been responsible for the spread of dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and chikungunya.
Pathogens that cause these diseases go through the same stages as invasive species but can spread much more quickly, leading to pandemics, say the researchers. Even the patterns of spread of re-emerging “native” diseases, such as Ebola in West Africa, share similarities to those of invasive species.
The paper concludes that biosecurity is key to preventing the spread of invasive species and of infectious diseases in humans, and calls for medical scientists and ecologists to work together to learn more about both.
Professor Montserrat Vilà, researcher at the Estación Biológica de Doñana and lead author of the study, said, “Pandemics such as COVID-19 and biological invasions have much in common.”
They are often linked by the same global change drivers, and show similar features. This paper gives a detailed review of the parallels between scientific approaches to invasions and human epidemics, Vilà added.
She also said that, given increasing rates of emerging infectious pathogens and biological invasions worldwide and the ongoing global health crisis caused by the coronavirus, the need for integrative and interdisciplinary approaches to biosecurity has never been greater.
