Reuters – Saudi Arabia’s economy chugged along at modest annual growth rates of around 2.5% in the first three quarters of 2013. Then in the fourth quarter it soared, with gross domestic product jumping 10% from a year earlier.
That is the picture delivered by data from the government’s statistics office. But it is not a picture which would be recognised by many Saudi companies, which saw their profits crimped by a crackdown on illegal workers late last year, and it is not in line with private surveys of business activity.
So many economists have concluded that the official data is faulty in some way, and that actual Saudi GDP in the fourth quarter may be billions of dollars lower than the statistics office suggests. But it is not clear when, or whether, the mystery will be solved.
As the wealthy Gulf Arab oil exporters boom and open wider to foreign investment, investors are operating in something of a fog: they must base their judgments on patchy and erratic macroeconomic data. In many cases the data is less reliable than numbers provided by emerging economies in Asia and Africa.
In the Gulf, preliminary figures for economic indicators can be off the mark but revisions may occur only many months later, if at all. Release times are irregular; Bahrain has not announced its monthly money supply data since November.
Some data series have been suspended for a few months before resuming. Other data just does not exist. Kuwait, for example, does not regularly publish GDP growth figures, making it almost unique among the world’s rich countries.
Because of the region’s oil wealth, economies have so far grown without many visible ill effects. But the costs of having such poor data may increase as the Gulf states develop their financial markets and diversify their economies in an effort to become less vulnerable to the next big drop in oil prices.
“The regional central banks have to understand that timeliness and consistency, and scientific production of data, are a necessity if they want to show they are open for investment and business,” said John Sfakianakis, chief investment strategist at MASIC, a Riyadh-based investment firm.
A lack of reliable figures for government spending can hurt investment because many firms base their decisions on the level of that spending, he added. Abu Dhabi, which accounts for some 70% of state spending in the United Arab Emirates, does not publish its annual budget plans in a comprehensive manner.
The Gulf countries have enough money to create agencies compiling accurate, regular statistics if they wish. So the reasons for the data problem appear complex.
The biggest reason may be simply that governments see no strong need for data. Economies are still driven by oil revenues, which depend mainly on external rather than domestic demand. Monetary policy is basic, with central banks rarely adjusting interest rates or liquidity supplies.
Since authorities are not continually fine-tuning policies in response to economic trends, they do not view collecting timely, detailed data as a priority.
Also, because of their reliance on oil revenues, Gulf governments generally do not collect individual income or value-added taxes. Tax systems are a key source of raw numbers for economic statistics in other countries.
Many Gulf companies have secretive cultures and are reluctant to disclose any information on their business, even to governments – a major headache for state statisticians.
An additional factor may be the secretive nature of the Gulf governments themselves, which tend not to debate sensitive issues in public. In some cases, they may be accumulating data but choosing not to reveal it, or not bothering to do so.
“A lot of data is collected, so it is available for policy makers, but is not published,” said Paul Gamble, director in the sovereign group at credit rating agency Fitch Ratings.
Authorities are making efforts to strengthen their data services; the emirate of Abu Dhabi, for example, has launched a comprehensive public statistics website over the last few years. Gamble said Gulf data had improved enough over the past decade “to give a broad guide to economic performance”.
But policy makers and businessmen still face puzzles such as Saudi Arabia’s fourth-quarter GDP. The government’s statistics office announced that the country’s GDP grew 3.8% in 2013, but did not give a number for the fourth quarter. Calculations by Reuters and private economists show the 2013 figure can only be reconciled with the data for the first three quarters if fourth-quarter growth is a sky-high 10%.
Over the past year, Saudi Arabia’s official figure for its 2012 GDP growth was put at 6.8%, then revised down to 5.1%, then raised again to 5.8%. The statistics office did not reply to Reuters questions about the numbers.
“Data has improved but of course there is a credibility gap in terms of data being convincing and believable,” Sfakianakis said. “Too often we see extreme revisions in macro indicators. They are not properly communicated. If you change GDP by 2 percentage points…they highlight major statistical lapses in your survey.”
Dodgy data also leads to mysteries such as the population of the UAE. According to the UAE’s National Bureau of Statistics, the population was last officially estimated at 8.3 million in 2010, but adding together individual estimates for the UAE’s seven emirates produces a total of only about 5.6 million.
Rashid al-Suwaidi, director-general of the NBS, told Reuters that “technicalities” were probably behind the difference but that a full explanation would need a closer look.
“Once they do a population census, this issue will be resolved. In the meantime we have to live with these two different estimates,” said Harald Finger, the International Monetary Fund’s mission chief for the UAE.
It is not clear when the next census will be conducted. If the UAE ends up concluding that the smaller number is correct, that could be a disappointment to investors for whom the size of the country’s market is a key factor.
In the absence of reliable official data, many businessmen and analysts use private surveys and estimates of certain sectors to gauge economic trends – though the private surveys face many of the same obstacles as government statisticians.
German car maker Opel estimates the region’s car market is growing about 10-15% annually. If that is the case, official data showing Gulf economies growing at rates of around 3-5% may be understating reality.
While the shortage of reliable data in the Gulf may matter little when economies are booming, it can become dangerous when there is a major downturn. It can slow authorities’ realisation that trouble is brewing, and add to investors’ jitters.
Dubai found this in 2009 when some of its state-linked companies ran into trouble, forcing multi-billion dollar debt restructurings. A lack of data about Dubai’s economy and state finances caused many investors to assume the worst, triggering a panic that hit emerging markets around the world.
Since then, Dubai has begun revealing more information, though not as much as developed economies. It has still not sought a rating from credit rating agencies, which would require a higher level of disclosure.
Many Gulf states are considering reforms of their public finances, and ways to develop their capital markets and foster private-sector businesses, to ensure their economies and political stability are not held hostage to oil prices.
Poor data hinders these efforts. For example, Gulf states have been considering the introduction of a sales tax to widen their revenue bases; the tax would have to be introduced across all six Gulf Cooperation Council economies to prevent consumer spending from migrating to lower-tax countries. But without clear data on consumption, population and growth, it is hard for authorities to estimate the impact and benefits of the tax.
In the long run, GCC countries hope to integrate their economies and financial markets further, perhaps eventually forming a single currency area. But as the euro zone has found, a single currency requires coordination of economic policies, and that would be difficult without comparable data.
“They cannot have a monetary union without having harmonised data. We are not yet there,” Sfakianakis said. “If there is political will everything will fall into place. Political will does miracles in the region.”
